Ukunganaki ikhwalithi yokwakhiwa kwebhodi kungaholela ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwe-PCB. Lokhu kungabandakanya ubunzima bokukhiqiza, isivuno esiphansi, kanye nokwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zomhlaba wangempela. Kodwa-ke, akhona amasu okuklama asebenzayo okunciphisa lezi zimanga ezikhathazayo nezimba eqolo. Ngakho,ake siqale siphendule umbuzo wakho: “Iyini ngempela inqubo ye-PCB Fabrication?” bese ugxumela ekubalulekeni kokuqonda le nqubo ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-PCB eyimpumelelo.
Uyazibuza ukuthi ungawuguqula kanjani umbono wakho omuhle ube yibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe (PCB)? Hhayi-ke, khululeka, masingajahi ukwenza inqubo okwamanje.Ukuqonda ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo nezinyathelo ezixhumanisa isikimu noma umqondo ekudalweni kwangempela kwe-PCB kubalulekile. Ngokuthatha isikhathi sokungena kuwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yamagama nokuncikana kwawo, singavula indlela yohambo lokukhiqiza lwe-PCB olubushelelezi.
Isingeniso se-PCB Development:
Uyazibuza ukuthi ungayenza kanjani imiklamo yebhodi lesifunda iphile? Yilapho ukuthuthukiswa kwe-PCB kungena khona! Kuyinqubo ethokozisayo ukuthatha umklamo wakho usuka emcabangweni uye emkhiqizweni ube uqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu. Ngezigaba ezintathu ezibalulekile zokuklama, ukukhiqiza nokuhlola, asigodli umzamo wokuletha imiphumela ephakeme kakhulu. Futhi, lungiselela uhambo oluphindaphindayo njengoba sishuna kahle futhi sicwenga imiklamo yakho ngesikhathi esinikeziwe sokuthuthukisa ukuze udale ubuciko bokugcina. Lungela ukubuka umbono wakho uba ngokoqobo ngendlela emangalisayo!
Isingeniso se-PCB Manufacturing:
Ulungele ukushintsha amaphupho akho ebhodi lesifunda abe ngokoqobo? Ukwenziwa kwe-PCB kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekuguquleni amapulani akho abe iqiniso elibambekayo. Uhambo olunezinyathelo ezimbili olushintshayo oluqala ngokwakhiwa kwamabhodi, lapho ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu bulolonga ngokucophelela futhi bulolonge umklamo wakho. Ukusuka lapho, bukela ngokumangala njengoba sidlulela ngaphandle komthungo emhlabeni othokozisayo womhlangano webhodi lesifunda (PCBA). Ochwepheshe bethu abanamakhono bahlanganisa ngokuphelele izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle. Unathi eceleni kwakho, umbono wakho webhodi uzochuma futhi udlule okulindelekile, uvula indlela yempumelelo engenakuqhathaniswa. Lungela ukuguqula umhlaba ngezinto zakho ezintsha!
Lungela Ukuhlolwa kwe-PCB:
Ingabe ususeduze nokuqeda ibhodi lakho lesifunda lesimanje? Manje yisikhathi sokukhulula amandla eqiniso okuhlolwa kwe-PCB ngamandla ayo. Njengesigaba sesithathu esibalulekile kunqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-PCB, ukuhlolwa (okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukuhlinzeka) kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokwenziwa. Lesi sigaba esibalulekile siklanyelwe ukuhlola ukuthi ibhodi lakho liyakwazi yini ukwenza ngokungenaphutha umsebenzi walo elihlosiwe. Azikho izindleko eziye zagcinwa ohlelweni lwethu lokuhlola ngokucophelela, okugqamisa noma yiziphi izinkinga noma izindawo ezidinga ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe. Sihlome ngalolu lwazi olubalulekile, siqala omunye umjikelezo ukuze sihlanganise ngokushesha izinguquko zedizayini ukuze siphushe ibhodi lakho ekusebenzeni okuphezulu. Izwa injabulo yokuphelela lapho umbono wakho uba ngokoqobo!
Izwa Amandla e-PCB Assembly:
Ukuthatha ibhodi lakho lesifunda lisuka emcabangweni liye kwelinye akukaze kube lula ngezinkonzo zethu ezithuthukisiwe zomhlangano we-PCB. Njengesici esibalulekile kunqubo yokukhiqiza ye-PCB, i-PCBA ivula indlela yokuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwezingxenye zebhodi lesifunda kumabhodi angenalutho. Ngezinqubo zokushisela ezinembile, ochwepheshe bethu abangongoti baguqula umklamo wakho ube ubuciko obusebenza ngokugcwele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udinga i-Surface Mount Technology (SMT) noma nge-Hole Technology (THT), ubuchwepheshe bethu bokuhlanganisa besimanje buqinisekisa ukunemba okungenakuphikiswa nokusebenza okungenasici. Sithembe ukuthi sizokwenza umbono wakho uphile futhi sibone ikhwalithi yethu engenakuqhathaniswa yezinsizakalo zomhlangano we-PCB.
Ukuhlola Inqubo Yokukhiqiza Ye-PCB:
Wake wazibuza ukuthi umklamo wakho webhodi waba khona kanjani? Inqubo yethu ethuthukisiwe yokukhiqiza i-PCB izoqinisekisa ukuthi umbono wakho uba ngokoqobo. Le nqubo yesinyathelo nesinyathelo ithatha iphakethe lakho lokuklama futhi iliguqule libe yisakhiwo esibonakalayo esifana nokucaciswa kwe-tee yakho. Sihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha nokunaka ngokucophelela imininingwane ukuze sinikeze amabhodi akho ukubukeka okusha. Kusukela ekudaleni ukwakheka kwebhodi kuya ekushoniseni, ekubholeni, nasekugcineni ukuthintwa kokuqeda, ithimba lethu lochwepheshe liqinisekisa ukuthi isinyathelo ngasinye senziwa ngokungenasici. Izwa ukunemba kwethu nokusebenza kahle kwethu ekukhiqizeni i-PCB futhi ubuke imiklamo yakho iphila phambi kwamehlo akho.
Bona ngeso lengqondo ukwakheka kwakho okuhle ku-Copper Clad Laminate:
Cabanga ngesakhiwo sakho sebhodi lesifunda esiphelele senziwe ngekhwalithi ephezulu yeCopper Clad Laminate. Ngobuchwepheshe bethu besimanje bokuthwebula izithombe, sikwenza ukwazi ukubona ukwakheka kwakho kuthuthuka futhi siqinisekise ukuthi yonke imininingwane yenziwa ngokunemba.
Khipha ngokomsebenzi ithusi eliningi ukuze uveze imikhondo namaphedi:
Ochwepheshe bethu abanekhono benza elinye imayela ukuze bafake noma basuse noma iyiphi ithusi eyeqile ezingqimbeni zangaphakathi ze-PCB. Ngokwenza kanjalo, sembula imikhondo eyinkimbinkimbi namaphedi abalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamasekhethi kagesi.
Yenza Ngokunembile Izitaki Zesendlalelo Se-PCB Eziqinile:
Ochwepheshe bethu abanolwazi bathatha izitaki zakho zesendlalelo se-PCB baziyise ezingeni elilandelayo ngokuhlanganisa ngobuchwepheshe izinto zebhodi lesifunda. Ngezinqubo ezilawulwa ngokucophelela zokushisisa nokucindezela, siqinisekisa ukubopha okuphephile nokuthembekile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ungathemba amabhodi akho ukuthi amelane nezimo ezinzima kakhulu.
Izimbobo zokumba zokukhweza okuvikelekile nokuxhumana:
Siyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokukhweza okuvikelekile nokuxhumana okuphelele. Amasu ethu okumba athuthukile asivumela ukuthi sakhe izimbobo ezinembile zezingxenye ezifakwayo, izikhonkwane zembobo kanye nama-vias, siqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwe-PCB emkhiqizweni wokugcina.
Ukuveza imikhondo efihliwe namaphedi ngaphezulu:
Siyaqhubeka nokuthatha indlela ecophelelayo lapho sinamathisela noma sikhipha noma iyiphi ithusi eyeqile ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zebhodi. Ngokwenza lokhu, sembula imikhondo namaphedi aklanywe kahle avumela amasekhethi akho ukuthi achume.
Amaphinikhodi nama-vias aqinisiwe ukuze asebenze kakhulu:
Ukusebenza kwebhodi lakho kuyinto ehamba phambili yethu. Sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bethu besimanje bokucwenga, siqinisa amaphinikhodi kanye ne-vias ukuze sikhulise ukusebenza kahle nokuqinisekisa ukwethembeka okuhlala isikhathi eside.
Vikela i-PCB yakho nge-coating evikelayo noma imaski ye-solder:
Siyaziqhenya ngokukunikeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuvikela ibhodi lakho. Ithimba lethu lisebenzisa isembozo esivikelayo noma imaski edayiswayo ukuze inwebe impilo ye-PCB futhi iyivikele ezintweni ezithinta imvelo.
Yenza kube ngokwakho ibhodi lakho ngokuphrinta isikrini:
isithombe somkhiqizo wakho sibalulekile. Kungakho sinikeza izinketho zokuphrinta isikrini okwenziwa ngokwezifiso zama-PCB akho. Engeza izinkomba kanye ne-polarity, ama-logo, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izimpawu ukuze uhlukanise umkhiqizo wakho kulezo zalabo oqhudelana nabo.
Lungiselela ukubukeka kwakho kwe-PCB ngokuqedwa kwekhopha ongakukhetha:
Sikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ngomzamo owengeziwe, okulindele kungadlulwa. Ngobuhle obungeziwe, sinikeza inketho yokwengeza isiphetho sethusi ezindaweni ezithile zebhodi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubukeka okupholishiwe nokuchwepheshile.
Manje, ake singene kokuthi konke lokhu kusho ukuthini ekuthuthukisweni kwe-PCB:
Njengoba utshuza emhlabeni wokuthuthukiswa kwe-PCB, inqubo yethu ephelele yokukhiqiza iqinisekisa ukuthi imiklamo yakho iphuma ncamashí njengoba ubuyicabangele. Kusukela ekufanekiseni nokunamathisela kuye ekubhobozeni, ukucwenga kanye nokwengeza okokuvikela, isinyathelo ngasinye senziwa ngokucophelela ngokunemba nangobuchwepheshe. Izwa umehluko enqubweni yethu yokukhiqiza ye-PCB futhi ubuke imiklamo yakho ichuma ibe amabhodi asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ukwembula Amandla Okuqonda Ukukhiqiza Kwe-PCB Ngaphakathi Nangaphandle:
Cabanga ngokubaluleka kokuzuza ukuqonda okujulile kwenqubo yokukhiqiza ye-PCB. Nakuba ukwenziwa kwe-PCB ngokwayo kungase kungafaki ukuklama, kuwumsebenzi obalulekile ophuma ngaphandle osingathwa abakhiqizi benkontileka abanolwazi (ama-CM). Ngenkathi ukukhiqiza ngokwako kungewona umsebenzi wokuklama, kwenziwa ngokucophelela ngokuya ngemininingwane eqondile oyinikezayo ku-CM.
Vula Izimfihlo Ezisemuva Kokusetshenziswa Okuphelele Kwe-PCB: Cabanga ngethuba lokubona ipulani lebhodi lesifunda eliphelele elenziwe laphila kusetshenziswa amasu okukhiqiza asezingeni eliphezulu. Ngobungcweti bethu kubuchwepheshe bezithombe ezisezingeni eliphezulu, sikwenza ukwazi ukufakaza yonke imininingwane yokwakheka kwakho ikhula ngokunemba okuphelele.
Vumela amakhosi avule indlela ngokususa ithusi eliningi:
Ochwepheshe bethu abanekhono benza ngaphezu nangaphezulu ngokushuna ngobuchwepheshe noma basuse noma iyiphi insalela yethusi engadingeki ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi ze-PCB. Le nqubo yembula imikhondo eyinkimbinkimbi namaphedi abalulekile ekusebenzeni okungenamthungo kwamasekhethi kagesi.
Thatha Isitaki Sakho Sesendlalelo Se-PCB Usiyise Ezindaweni Ezintsha Eziphakeme:
Ngochwepheshe bethu abanolwazi abaphethe, sithatha isitaki sesendlalelo sakho se-PCB siye ezingeni elilandelayo ngokuhlanganisa ngokucophelela izinto zebhodi lesifunda. Ngokushisisa ngokucophelela nangokucindezela, siqinisekisa isibopho esiphephile nesithembekile ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu.
Ukubhoboza Izimbobo Ezinembayo Zokukhweza Okuqinile Kwe-Rock-Solid Nokuxhumana:
Siyakuqonda ukubaluleka okubalulekile kokukhweza okuvikelekile nokuxhumeka okungenasici. Kungakho amasu ethu okumba athuthukile esivumela ukuthi sakhe izimbobo ezinembile zokufakwa kwengxenye, izikhonkwane zembobo kanye nama-vias. Qiniseka ukuthi i-PCB yakho izohlanganisa kalula emkhiqizweni wakho wokugcina.
Amagugu afihliwe avezwa obala ngokuqoshwa okuthambile kwendawo:
ukunaka kwethu imininingwane kusafana. Ngokuthinta ngokucophelela, singakwazi ukuqopha ngobuchwepheshe noma sisuse ithusi eliningi ongqimbeni olungaphezulu lwebhodi. Ngokwenza lokhu, sethula imikhondo namaphedi aklanywe kahle anika amandla impumelelo yesekethe yakho. Amaphinikhodi aqinisiwe kanye ne-vias yokusebenza okuqinile: Uma kuziwa ekusebenzeni kwebhodi, asiyekethisi. Sisebenzisa amasu okucwenga asezingeni eliphezulu, siqinisa amaphinifa akho kanye ne-vias, sikhulise ukuhamba kukagesi futhi siqinisekise ukuqina okungenakuqhathaniswa.
Vikela i-PCB yakho nge-coating evikelayo noma imaski ye-solder:
Njengabavikeli abaqinile bamabhodi esekethe, sisebenzisa isembozo esiyisivikelo noma imaski ye-solder ukuvikela izingxenye zayo ezithambile ezintweni zemvelo. Sithembe ukuthi sizonweba ubude bayo bempilo.
Khipha ubunikazi bomkhiqizo wakho ngokuphrinta kwesikrini okuhlukile:
uphawu lwakho lufanele ukugqama. Kungakho ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo kusenhliziyweni yezinkonzo zethu. Khetha ezinkethweni zethu zokuphrinta isikrini ezingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo futhi wengeze abaklami bereferensi, amalogo nanoma yiziphi ezinye izimpawu ukuze wenze imikhiqizo yakho ihluke.
Thuthukisa ubuhle ngokuqedela kokuzithandela:
Sikholelwa ukuthi ubuhle busemininingwaneni. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubukeka kwebhodi, sinikeza isiphetho sethusi ongasikhetha ezindaweni ezithile ezingaphezulu, okuqinisekisa ukubukeka okucolisisiwe nokuchwepheshile ngokuphelele.
Manje, ake singene emhlabeni wokuthuthukiswa kwe-PCB:
Qala uhambo olungajwayelekile njengoba senza umklamo wakho uphile ngenqubo yethu yokukhiqiza ebanzi. Kusukela ekufanekiseni nokunamathisela kuya ekubhobozeni, ukucwenga kanye nokunamathiswa okuvikela, sonke isiteji siveza ubuciko nokunemba. Yamukela umehluko owenzayo inqubo yethu yokukhiqiza ye-PCB futhi ubuke indalo yakho iqhakaza ibe amabhodi asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Yembula amandla angasetshenzisiwe okuhlanganyela okungenazihibe:
Cabanga ukuvumelana okuphelele phakathi kombono wakho wokuklama kanye nekhono lomkhiqizi wenkontileka yakho (CM). Siyaqonda ukuthi ezimweni eziningi i-CM yakho ingase ingakwazi ukufinyelela inhloso yakho yokuklama noma imigomo yokusebenza. Leli gebe lolwazi lingakhinyabeza inqubo yokwenza izinqumo futhi lingathinta izici ezibalulekile njengokukhethwa kwempahla, ukwakheka, ngokubeka nephethini, imingcele yokulandela umkhondo, nezinye izici ezithinta kakhulu ukwenziwa kwezinto, isivuno sokukhiqiza, kanye nokusebenza ngemva kokuthunyelwa. PCB yakho.
Ukuvala Igebe Ngezinketho Zokukhiqiza Ezinolwazi:
Kwa-Shenzhen Capel Technology Co., Ltd, sikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisana okungenazihibe kuwukhiye wokuvula amandla eqiniso wama-PCB. Ithimba lethu elizinikele lisebenza eduze nawe ukuze liqonde imigomo yakho yokusebenza, ukuvala igebe phakathi kwenhloso yakho yokuklama nezinqumo zokukhiqiza. Sihlome ngalo mbono obalulekile, siqinisekisa ukuthi konke ukukhetha esikwenzayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo, okunembe ngokubeka noma ukuhlela ipharamitha yokulandela umkhondo, kuhambisana kahle nemigomo yakho.
Khulisa ukusebenza kwe-PCB ngolwazi lokukhiqiza lochwepheshe:
Ukuba nozakwethu onolwazi oluqondayo ubunzima bokwenziwa kwe-PCB kungenza umehluko. Ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lwethu olujulile lwezinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nomthelela wazo kuma-PCB, silwela ukuthuthukisa zonke izici zenqubo yokukhiqiza. Ukusuka ekukhetheni into efanelekile ukuya ekuhleleni kokulungisa kahle kanye namapharamitha womzila, sifuna ngokungaphezi ukukhulisa ukwenziwa, ukuvunwa kokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwama-PCB ethu.
Nikeza i-CM yakho ngenhloso yedizayini kanye nemigomo yokusebenza:
Ukusebenzisana kubalulekile, futhi sikholelwa ekunikezeni i-CM yakho ngokuqonda okubalulekile kunhloso yakho yomklamo nokusebenza okulindelweyo. Sisusa noma yikuphi ukungaqiniseki okungase kuvele phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-CM yakho ikuqonda ngokugcwele ukukhetha kwakho okubalulekile, isakhiwo, ngendawo nesitayela, imingcele yokulandelela, nezinye izici ezibalulekile. Lokhu kukhanyela akuthuthukisi kuphela ukwenziwa kwe-PCB, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa isivuno sokukhiqiza futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu kwekilasi ngemuva kokuthunyelwa kwe-PCB.
Vula Amandla Aphelele e-PCB Yakho:
Nge-Shenzhen Capel Technology Co., Ltd. eceleni kwakho, ungaqiniseka ukuthi isinyathelo ngasinye senqubo yokukhiqiza sizohlangabezana nenhloso yakho yokuklama kanye nemigomo yokusebenza. Ngokubambisana singasebenzisa amandla okubambisana ukuze senze ama-PCB angahlangani nje kuphela kodwa adlule okulindele. Ungavumeli noma yikuphi ukungaqiniseki kukuvimbele - sijoyine ukuze uguqule uhambo lwakho lokukhiqiza lwe-PCB futhi ubone imiphumela emangalisayo yobudlelwano obunolwazi, obuvumelanayo.
Vula Amandla Afihliwe:
Zitholele amandla okubambisana okungenazihibe phakathi kwakho nomkhiqizi wenkontileka yakho (CM). Siyaqonda ukuthi i-CM yakho ivamise ukuntula ukuqonda mayelana nenhloso yomklamo wakho kanye nezinjongo zokusebenza. Lo mkhawulo ungakhinyabeza inqubo yokwenza izinqumo futhi ungathinta izici ezibalulekile njengokukhethwa kwempahla, ukwenziwa ngcono kwesakhiwo, ukuma kwe-VIA, imingcele yokulandelela, nezinye izici ezithinta ukwenziwa kwe-PCB, isivuno sokukhiqiza, kanye nokusebenza ngemva kokuthunyelwa.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukwenziwa Kwezinto Ngokukhetha Idizayini Ehlakaniphile:
Kwa-Shenzhen Capel Technology Co., Ltd., sikholelwa ukuthi ukuvula amandla eqiniso e-PCB kuqala ngezinketho zokuklama ezihlakaniphile. Ngokwenziwa okuphelele, sigxila ezintweni ezibalulekile njengokugcina ukucaciswa okufanele phakathi kwezinto ezingaphezulu namaphethelo webhodi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sikhetha ngokucophelela izinto zokwakha ezine-coefficient ephezulu yokunwetshwa kwe-thermal (CTE) ukuze zimelane nama-PCBA, ikakhulukazi i-solder engenamthofu. Lezi zinqumo ezicophelelayo zingavimbela izinkinga zokuklama kabusha futhi zigcine inqubo yokukhiqiza isebenza kahle. Ukwengeza, uma unquma ukuhlanganisa umklamo wakho, siqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinyathelo zendlela zicatshangelwe kahle.
Thuthukisa ngokunembile isivuno sebhodi:
Ukukhiqiza ngempumelelo akusho ngempela ukuyekethisa ngekhwalithi. Noma kunezinselelo zokukhiqiza, sinobuchwepheshe bokuletha isivuno esikhulu kumabhodi akho. Isibonelo, ngokugwema amapharamitha wedizayini angaphandle kwebanga lokubekezelela ledivayisi ye-CM, singanciphisa amathuba okuthi ibhodi lingakwazi ukusetshenziswa. Ngezinqubo zethu zokukhiqiza ezintsha, ungalindela ngokuzethemba ama-PCB ekhwalithi ephezulu ahlangabezana nemigomo yakho yokusebenza.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukwethembeka Kuso Sonke Isicelo:
Impumelelo ye-PCB incike kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni kwayo ngokwe-IPC-6011. Kuma-PCB aqinile, amaleveli okuhlukanisa amathathu ahlukene akhona, abeka amapharamitha athile wokwakha wokwethembeka okuphakeme kokusebenza. Indlela yethu yokucophelela iqinisekisa ukuthi ibhodi lakho liyahlangana noma lidlule ukuhlukaniswa okudingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwakho okuhlosiwe. Ngokugwema izingibe zamaphaneli okwakha ahlukaniswe ngezigaba eziphansi, singanqanda ukuphatha okungahambisani noma ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwamaphaneli. Thembela i-Shenzhen Capel Technology Co., Ltd. ngokusebenza okungaguquki nokuthembekile.
Thuthukisa Uhambo Lwakho Lwe-PCB:
I-Shenzhen Capel Technology Co., Ltd. Njengozakwethu omethembayo, silandela inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-PCB eqinile futhi sizokusiza ukuthi ubone amandla aphelele e-PCB yakho. Sisebenza ngokubambisana ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi i-CM yakho iyiqonda ngokugcwele inhloso yakho yokuklama kanye nemigomo yokusebenza. Ngokuvala igebe phakathi kombono wakho kanye nezinqumo zokukhiqiza, sivula indlela yokwenza okungenazihibe, ukukhiqizwa okuthuthukisiwe, ukuvunwa okuphezulu nokwethembeka okungantengantengi. Ungavumeli ukungakhulumisani kahle kukuvimbele empumelelweni – shintsha uhambo lwakho lwe-PCB nathi futhi uthole imiphumela eguquguqukayo yobudlelwane obuqondaniswe ngempela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-06-2023
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